Many thanks to Susan Manfull of Modern Trobadors for the guest post below about Provence Saffron farming. A fuller version of the article is available on the Modern Trobadors blog.
Deep in the heart of the pine, oak, and garrigue covered forests that lie between Mont Ventoux and Les Dentelles de Montmirail, grows a little over 1000 square meters ofCrocus sativus. There, around 200,000 flowers are harvested every fall, from which 1000 grams of the most expensive spice in the world is produced.
It was the allure of saffron that drove Pamela O’Neill and me to ascend the narrow roads that traverse this area of the Vaucluse—west of Orange, between Vaison-la-Romaine to the north and Carpentras to the south—on one of the hottest days thus far this summer. Up past the perched village of Le Barroux—famous for its formidable 12th-century châtéau—and on to an even smaller road, we continued our climb up the hill in search of saffron.
Our efforts were duly rewarded—and our thirsts quenched—when we met François Pillet who, with wife Marie, owns the safranière and the very fashionable but low-key bed-and-breakfast, L’Aube Safran.
Grapevines, rows of lavender, olive groves, and even oak groves inoculated with black truffles—all agriculture for which Provence is famous. But, saffron?
I had no idea that, from the 14th to the 19th century, this area of France was the country’s third largest producer of saffron (safran, in French). Severe frosts and war, according to one source, apparently led to the demise of saffron farms although I’m sure the high cost of hand-harvesting this fragile crop was another.
The extreme weather patterns of this area of Provence—hot dry summers, cold winters, and rainy autumns—coupled with the limestone, porous soil of this area make the Pellet’s L’Aube Safran property ideal for growing Crocus sativis.
The Pillets learned about Provence’s history of cultivating saffron when their original plans for changing their careers did not work out. In the early 1990s, François and Marie left their respective jobs in Paris—as architect and interior decorator—to study winemaking in Carcassonne (located in the nearby region of Languedoc-Rousillon).
They wanted to live in the countryside and produce their own wine.
Upon graduation, they studied organic farming in the Vaucluse and decided they wanted to make this area their home. Finding a vineyard to purchase in the Vaucluse in the mid-1990s, however, proved impossible, leading the couple to pursue a completely different agricultural path and to open a smartly appointed inn.
François told us it was “serendipity.” They found a two-hectare plot of land and began plans for building an inn and cultivating saffron. In 2003, they moved in.
Cultivating saffron is an immensely intensive labor of love. The sowing of the crocus bulbs (technically, corms) is done by hand—requiring the farmer to remain in a bent position for a long periods of time during the warm days of late spring into early summer.
Harvesting is also done entirely by hand, squatting to reach the flowers that may rise only 15 centimeters (6 inches) from the ground. Bundling up in warm clothes is a must as the harvest takes place in October into November. Picking begins at dawn when the flowers first open and must be accomplished quickly because the flowers wither rapidly under the warm sun, causing the precious stigmas (also called filaments) to lose their brilliant color and unique aroma. It is the stigmas that will be eventually transformed into saffron.
At the peak of harvest, about 5,000 to 8,000 flowers are harvested each day at the Pillet’s farm. A total of about 200,000 flowers are harvested from about 60,000 bulbs planted across six parcels of land (totaling 1000-1200 square meters). So, according to my calculations, the harvest lasts as long as 40 days. During the harvest, the stigmas are immediately separated and dried in order to remove moisture and preserve their fresh flavor and distinctive color. This is a tedious but critical step in successful saffron production and may require the Pillets and their team to work well into the wee hours of the morning.
There are only three stigmas to each flower. Bear in mind that the average meal requires three or four stigmas—at least one flower—for each person. The entire crop is only 200,000 flowers and yields just over one kilogram or about two-and-a-half pounds of saffron. It seems such a small yield requiring so much labor that, clearly, saffron cultivation is a labor of love. On the other hand, the retail value of just one gram of the Pellet’s saffron in the boutique is 27 euros and the retail value of just one ounce of pure saffron easily exceeds several hundred dollars! By weight, saffron is as good as gold. Red gold is right!
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